@article{Arnaud1991, author = {Arnaud, Michael and Leroy, Marc}, title = "{SPOT 4: a new generation of SPOT satellites}", journal = {ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {205-215}, abstract = {The main characteristics of the new generation spot 4 satellite, the improved version of a series of high resolution imaging remote sensing satellites constituting the spot family, are described. The main objectives of the spot 4 mission are (a) the continuity of the spot 1/2/3 services and products; (b) the extension of the high resolution mission, in particular, through the addition of the new band in the middle infrared region; (c) the development of a new optical instrument called “Vegetation”, characterized by a wide field of view and a high rediometric resolution, for the purposes of agricultural forecasts and environmental studies; (d) the extension of the life of the satellite; (e) the capability to offer an embarkment to new passengers; and (f) the reorganization and new development of the ground segment.}, year = {1991} } @inbook{Arvidson2013, author = {Arvidson, Terry and Barsi, Julia and Jhabvala, Murzy and Reuter, Dennis}, title = "{Landsat and Thermal Infrared Imaging}", booktitle = {Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing}, editor = {Kuenzer, Claudia and Dech, Stefan}, series = {Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, volume = {17}, chapter = {9}, pages = {177-196}, year = {2013} } @article{Bailey2010, author = {Bailey, Jeffrey T and Boryan, Claire G}, title = "{Remote sensing applications in agriculture at the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service}", journal = {Research and Development Division, USDA, NASS, Fairfax, VA}, year = {2010} } @inproceedings{Begni1986, author = {Begni, G and Dinguirard, M C. and Jackson, R D. and Slater, P N.}, title = "{Absolute Calibration Of The SPOT-1 HRV Cameras}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE}, volume = {0660}, number = {}, pages = {66-76}, abstract = {The pre-flight and on-board in-flight absolute radiometric calibrations of the two HRV cameras on SPOT-1 are briefly described. The results of the in-flight calibrations at White Sands, New Mexico are presented in detail and compared to the other methods. The ratio of calibration coefficients for the two SPOT-1 HRVs was obtained from a histogram match of a scene, imaged simultaneously by the two cameras. This was compared to the ratio of the calibration coefficients from the White Sands results. The ratios are in good agreement, < 3% in three bands, the exception is multispectral band 2 which shows a 7% difference. The histogram result and a comparison with spectral radiances measured from an altitude of 3000 m indicate that, at the time and under the conditions that the calibrations were madelthe specification for a ± 10% RMS absolute calibration uncertainty for the SPOT-1 HRVs had been met. The White Sands and histogram ratio results were used to update the calibration of the on-board suncalibrator system for the HRVs.}, year = {1986}, doi = {10.1117/12.938568}, url = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.938568}, eprint = {} } @article{Brodersen1975, author = {Brodersen, R. W. and Buss, D. D. and Tasch, A. F., Jr.}, title = "{Experimental characterization of transfer Efficiency in charge-coupled devices}", journal = {Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {40-46}, abstract = {The most important characteristic of a charge-coupled device is its charge transfer efficiency (CTE). There are three basic types of loss which degrade CTE: fixed loss, proportional loss, and nonlinear loss. Examples are given of each type of loss and techniques for measurement of all three types of loss are described. A method of determining the minimum fat zero which eliminates fixed loss is shown and an experiment is presented which confirms that fixed loss due to surface states can be completely eliminated by the use of a fat zero. The effect of interelectrode gaps on CTE is discussed in detail. A nonlinear loss model is used to describe the dispersion due to barriers in the gaps and the very detrimental effect of wells in the gap region is shown. The techniques presented in the analysis of these losses are very general and can be used whenever a detailed description of the transfer loss mechanism is required.}, keywords = {Charge measurement Charge transfer Contracts Current measurement Degradation Dispersion Instruments Loss measurement}, year = {1975} } @Inproceedings{Cho2006, author = {Cho, Young-Min and Youn, Heong-Sik}, title = "{Characteristics of COMS Meteorological Imager}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE}, volume = {6361}, number = {}, pages = {63611G-63611G-8}, abstract = {Communication Ocean Meteorological Satellite (COMS) for the hybrid mission of meteorological observation, ocean monitoring, and telecommunication service is planned to be launched onto Geostationary Earth Orbit in 2008. The meteorological payload of COMS is an imager which will monitor meteorological phenomenon around the Korean peninsular intensively and of Asian-side full Earth disk periodically. The meteorological imager (MI) of COMS has 5 spectral channels, 1 visible channel with the resolution of 1 km at nadir and 4 infrared channels with the resolution of 4 km at nadir. The characteristics of the COMS MI are introduced in the view points of user requirements, hardware features, and operation characteristics.}, year = {2006}, doi = {10.1117/12.690154}, URL = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.690154}, eprint = {} } @inproceedings{Dave2006, author = {Dave, Himanshu and Dewan, Chirag and Paul, Sandip and Sarkar, S. S. and Pandya, Himanshu and Joshi, S. R. and Mishra, Ashish and Detroja, Manoj}, title = "{AWiFS camera for Resourcesat}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE}, volume = {6405}, number = {}, pages = {64050X-64050X-11}, abstract = {Remote sensors were developed and used extensively world over using aircraft and space platforms. India has developed and launched many sensors into space to survey natural resources. The AWiFS is one such Camera, launched onboard Resourcesat-1 satellite by ISRO in 2003. It is a medium resolution camera with 5-day revisit designed for studies related to forestry, vegetation, soil, snow and disaster warning. The camera provides 56m (nadir) resolution from 817 km altitude in three visible bands and one SWIR band. This paper deals with configuration features of AWiFS Camera of Resourcesat-1, its onboard performance and also the highlights of Camera being developed for Resourcesat-2. The AWiFS is realized with two identical cameras viz. AWiFS-A and AWiFS-B, which cover the large field of view of 48°. Each camera consists of independent collecting optics and associated 6000 element detectors and electronics catering to 4 bands. The visible bands use linear Silicon CCDs, with 10μ × 7μ element while SWIR band uses 13μ staggered InGaAs linear active pixels. Camera Electronics are custom designed for each detector based on detector and system requirements. The camera covers the total dynamic range up to 100\% albedo with a single gain setting and 12-bit digitization of which 10 MSBs are transmitted. The Camera saturation radiance of each band can also be selected through telecommand. The Camera provides very high SNR of about 700 near saturation. The camera components are housed in specially designed Invar structures. The AWiFS Camera onboard Resourcesat-1 is providing excellent imageries and the data is routinely used world over. AWiFS for Resourcesat-2 is being developed with overall performance specifications remaining same. The Camera electronics is miniaturized with reductions in hardware packages, size and weight to one third.}, year = {2006}, doi = {10.1117/12.693971}, url = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.693971}, eprint = {} } @inproceedings{Dewan2006, author = {Dewan, Chirag and Paul, Sandip and Dave, Himanshu and Sarkar, S. S. and Singh, Surendra and Shah, P. J. and Bisht, Rattan}, title = "{LISS-3 camera for Resourcesat}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE 6405, Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications}, volume = {6405}, pages = {64050Y-64050Y-7}, note = {10.1117/12.693943}, abstract = {This paper deals with the salient features of LISS-3* Camera of Resourcesat-1, its onboard performance and also the highlights of Camera being developed for Resourcesat-2. LISS-3* camera is based on linear push-broom technique and contains four independent refractive optics, detectors and associated electronics for each band. The field of view is 10° and is covered with a single 6000 element linear detector in each band. The visible bands use Silicon CCDs, having 10μ x 7μ element size and 10μ pitch. The SWIR band uses 13μ pitch staggered InGaAs linear active detector. Camera Electronics is custom designed for each detector and adopts simultaneous readout mode. The video signal is digitized with 7-bit ADC in VNIR bands and the gain selection of 1:3 is incorporated to cover wide range. In case of SWIR band the video digitized with 12 bits of which 10MSBs are transmitted. Four gains are implemented with bit sliding. The camera components are mounted in a precisely fabricated and stable structure made out of Invar. The LISS-3* Camera onboard Resourcesat-1 is providing excellent imageries and the data is routinely used world over primarily for vegetation monitoring. Similar Camera is being developed for Resourcesat-2 keeping the overall performance characteristics same but minimizing electronic hardware.}, year = {2006} } @inproceedings{Dittman2010, author = {Dittman, Michael G. and Firth, Brenda}, title = "{OLI telescope post-alignment optical performance}", booktitle={Proc. SPIE 7807, Earth Observing Systems XV}, volume = {7807}, pages = {780705-780705-5}, note = {10.1117/12.860869}, abstract = {The telescope for the Operational Land Imager (OLI) completed alignment in July, 2009. Environmental testing was completed in September, 2009. This paper presents the as-designed and as-built performance of the telescope and demonstrates compliance to the OLI requirements. Performance parameters to be discussed include: Effective Focal Length, Modulation Transfer Function, Throughput, Polarization and Pointing.}, year = {2010} } @misc{Landsat82014, author = {EO Portal}, title = "{Landsat-8 / LDCM (Landsat Data Continuity Mission)}", note = {https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/l/landsat-8-ldcm}, year = {accessed on April 8, 2014} } @inproceedings{Faure2008, author = {Faure, Francois and Coste, Pierre and Kang, Gmisil}, title = "{The GOCI instrument on COMS mission-The first geostationary ocean color imager}", booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Space Optics (ICSO)}, pages = {14-17}, year = {2008} } @inproceedings{Fratter1991, author = {Fratter, Claude and Reulet, Jean-Francois and Jouan, Jacky}, title = "{SPOT-4 HRVIR instrument and future high-resolution stereo instruments}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE 1490, Future European and Japanese Remote-Sensing Sensors and Programs}, volume = {1490}, pages = {59-73}, note = {10.1117/12.46612}, abstract = {Current SPOT-4 technical mission research and development programs concentrate on an increase in geometrical resolution amounting to pixel size of or less than 5 meters; along-track stereo imagery based on two images from the two cameras obtained in a few seconds; and continuity of the SPOT service. Modifications to be made to the camera design include the optical combination for a high quality image to 1.6 micron and development of large band visible and MIR optical coating; development of a 3000-point detector for the MIR band; complete rearrangement of the focal plane; complete redesign of the video electronics to eliminate interference and correct obscurity signals; and installation of active temperature control on the MIR channel.}, year = {1991} } @inproceedings{Grindel1987, author = {Grindel, Manfred W.}, title = "{Testing Collimation Using Shearing Interferometry}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE. 0680, Surface Characterization and Testing}, volume = {0680}, pages = {44-46}, note = {10.1117/12.939590}, abstract = {The collimation tester is one of the most simple devices available for examining optical wavefronts. Based on a shearing interferometer, its sensitivity can be adjusted as required. Methods of use in collimating laser beams will be described, in addition to other applications involving planarity. Versatility in wavelength coverage will be discussed.}, year = {1987} } @inproceedings{Guntupalli2006, author = {Guntupalli, Ravi and Allen, Robert}, title = "{Evaluation of InGaAs camera for scientific near infrared imaging applications}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE}, volume = {6294}, number = {}, pages = {629401-629401-7}, abstract = {Performance data from a new InGaAs focal plane array (FPA) camera is presented. The camera was developed specifically for low-light scientific NIR imaging and spectroscopy applications that often require long integration times and lower dark noise. While commercial InGaAs FPA cameras offer no or minimal cooling to reduce troublesome dark current, the cameras meant for scientific applications offer -100°C or deeper cooling. The performance comparison between uncooled and cooled states is presented. Other operating specifications such as read noise, read out rate and linearity are optimized through careful design of electronics. The improved performance of cooled InGaAs cameras allows detection of low light fluorescence from single walled nanotubes. The availability of such low noise InGaAs cameras is enabling researchers to perform quantitative NIR imaging and spectroscopy measurements in novel applications ranging from semiconductor failure analysis to singlet oxygen detection.}, year = {2006}, doi = {10.1117/12.674137}, url = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.674137}, eprint = {} } @article{Henry1988, author = {Henry, C. and Juvigny, A. and Serradeil, R.}, title = "{High resolution detection sub-assembly of the SPOT camera: On-orbit results and future developments}", journal = {Acta Astronautica}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {545-551}, abstract = {The earth observation SPOT 1 satellite first on-orbit results demonstrate that the flight performances are better than expected. The DTA 01 High Resolution Detection sub-assembly, developed in France by SODERN, achieves a ground resolution of 10 m (30 ft) from 800 km (500 miles). The high quality of the images show that the main requirements have been reached in space in terms of contrast (MTF), radiometric resolution, geometrical superimposition of multispectral lines, etc. The SODERN equipment placed on the focal plane, is the “heart” of the camera. The detection design has been based on the “pushbroom” technique where a complete line of the ground scene in the cross-track direction is detected by a 6000 pixels line within one electronic sweep, without any mechanical scanning. The SPOT 2 and subsequent satellites will be equipped with two similar SODERN sub-assemblies using CCD's developed in France and qualified for this purpose. Furthermore, design studies, conducted by the French Space Agency CNES, are underway at SODERN for improving the detection sub-assembly which is to include a medium infrared channel in addition to the three superimposed “colour” ones. A new infrared detector is under development in France for this application.}, year = {1988} } @inproceedings{Hugon1995, author = {Hugon, Xavier and Amore, O. and Cortial, Sebastein and Lenoble, Cl. and Villard, M.}, title = "{Near-room operating temperature SWIR InGaAs detectors in progress}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE}, volume = {2552}, number = {}, pages = {738-747}, abstract = {Since 1985, when THOMSON-CSF/TCS became involved in detector development for remote earth imaging applications, the InGaAs technology has been greatly improved leading to spreading use in a wide range of domains. Space born applications in the SPOT 4, Vegetation (SPOT 4 host), IRS C/D, and Huygens/Cassini programs are among the most brilliant successes. Initial industrial demonstrations, which have come last, are contributing to InGaAs demystification. We present InGaAs main forces and difficulties, and how recent progress has transformed the product offer toward these main points. Figures concerning dark current, noise (especially burst noise), spectral response, non linearity, and modulation transfer function (MTF), which are of main importance in detector arrays are presented. Trade-offs are pointed out with respect to end application. InGaAs supremacy in the 0.9 micrometer to 1.7 micrometer spectral range is discussed -- dark current density down to 2E - 08 A/cm2 and more than 85% quantum efficiency are currently obtained nowadays. Finally, InGaAs industrial maturity is emphasized as well as the strong and lively activity at THOMSON/TCS on technology which lets everyone expect increasing performances and recessing prices.}, year = {1995}, doi = {10.1117/12.218273}, URL = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.218273}, eprint = {} } @book{Janesick2001, author = {Janesick, James R}, title = "{Scientific Charge-Coupled Devices}", publisher = {SPIE press Bellingham}, volume = {117}, year = {2001} } @inproceedings{Jhabvala2011, author = {Jhabvala, M. and Choi, K. and Waczynski, A. and La, A. and Sundaram, M. and Costard, E. and Jhabvala, C. and Kan, E. and Kahle, D. and Foltz, R. and Boehm, N. and Hickey, M. and Sun, J. and Adachi, T. and Costen, N. and Hess, L. and Facoetti, H. and Montanaro, M.}, title = "{Performance of the QWIP focal plane arrays for NASA's Landsat Data Continuity Mission}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE}, volume = {8012}, number = {}, pages = {80120Q-80120Q-14}, abstract = {The focal plane assembly for the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) instrument on NASA's Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) consists of three 512 x 640 GaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) arrays. The three arrays are precisely mounted and aligned on a silicon carrier substrate to provide a continuous viewing swath of 1850 pixels in two spectral bands defined by filters placed in close proximity to the detector surfaces. The QWIP arrays are hybridized to Indigo ISC9803 readout integrated circuits (ROICs). QWIP arrays were evaluated from four laboratories; QmagiQ, (Nashua, NH), Army Research Laboratory, (Adelphi, MD), NASA/ Goddard Space Flight Center, (Greenbelt, MD) and Thales, (Palaiseau, France). All were found to be suitable. The final discriminating parameter was the spectral uniformity of individual pixels relative to each other. The performance of the QWIP arrays and the fully assembled, NASA flight-qualified, focal plane assembly will be reviewed. An overview of the focal plane assembly including the construction and test requirements of the focal plane will also be described.}, year = {2011}, doi = {10.1117/12.886274}, URL = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.886274}, eprint = {} } @book{Joseph2005, author = {Joseph, George}, title = "{Fundamentals of Remote Sensing}", publisher = {Universities Press}, year = {2005} } @article{Joseph1996, title="{Cameras for Indian remote sensing satellite IRS-1C}", author={Joseph, George and Iyengar, VS and RATTAN, RAM and Nagachenchaiah, K and Kiran Kumar, AS and Aradhye, BV and Gupta, KK and Samudraiah, DRM}, journal={Current science}, volume={70}, number={7}, pages={510-515}, year={1996}, publisher={Current Science Association} } @misc{Knight2011, author = {Knight E. J., B. Canova, E. Donley, G. Kvaran, K. Lee}, title = "{The Operational Land Imager: Overview and Performance}", URL = {http://calval.cr.usgs.gov/JACIE_files/JACIE11/Presentations/TuePM/325_Knight_JACIE_11.070.pdf}, year = {2011} } @article{Krishnaswamy1995, author = {Krishnaswamy, M. and Varghese, P. M. and Prasad, M. Y. S. and Sam, S. K. and Pandian, P.}, title = "{Payload steering mechanism for IRS-IC}", journal = {Journal of Spacecraft Technology}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {142-145}, year = {1995} } @inproceedings{Kumar2013, author = {Kumar K.}, title = "{Indian payload capabilities for space missions}", booktitle = {Proceedings of the International ASTROD Symposium}, year = {2013} } @inproceedings{Vaillon2010, author = {L., Vaillon and U., Schull and T., Knigge and C., Bevillon}, title = "{GEO-OCULUS: High resolution multi-spectral earth imaging mission from geostationary orbit}", booktitle = {International Conference on Space Optics. ICSO 2010}, volume = {4}, pages = {8}, year = {2010}, url = {http://www.congrexprojects.com/custom/icso/Presentations\%20Done/Session\%209b/04_ ICSO2010_GeoOculus.pdf} } @inproceedings{Leger2003, author = {Leger, Dominique and Viallefont, Francoise and Hillairet, Emmanuel and Meygret, Aime}, title = "{In-Flight refocusing and MTF assessment of SPOT5 HRG and HRS cameras}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE}, volume = {4881}, number = {}, pages = {224-231}, abstract = {The MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) is a means of characterizing the spatial resolution of the instruments. So, the MTFs of HRG and HRS cameras are parts of image quality parameters assessed during the in-flight commissioning phase. Vibrations during the launch and transition from air to vacuum may defocus the HRG cameras and degrade their MTF. Therefore, SPOT5 HRG cameras are refocused before measuring their MTF. The paper first describes the HRG focusing procedure that uses both cameras viewing the same landscape: the focus of one camera is changed while the other is fixed and used as a reference. Results are given for each camera in terms of best focus and focus variation in the field of view. These results are compared to those provided by an autotest system, on-board each HRG camera, that images a high frequency periodic pattern while the focus is changed. Then, MTF measurements are presented. The MTF of HRG cameras is measured by imaging a spotlight that aimed at the satellite; the results are compared with pre-flight measurements. Besides, the MTF of HRS cameras is assessed by imaging landscapes with edge patterns; the main objective is to compare the two HRS cameras.}, year = {2003}, doi = {10.1117/12.462639}, url = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.462639}, eprint = {} } @inproceedings{Lightsey2004, author = {Lightsey, Paul A. and Barto, Allison A. and Contreras, James}, title = "{Optical performance for the James Webb Space Telescope}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE}, volume = {5487}, number = {}, pages = {825-832}, abstract = {The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large space based astronomical telescope that will operate at cryogenic temperatures, and utilizes a segmented primary mirror with active control. To achieve the science goals for JWST, the image quality over a wide spectral range is necessary. Several metrics related to the quality of the PSF have been used to capture the optical requirement to meet the science goals. We will present the requirements allocation from Point Spread Function Metrics to spatial frequency content in Wave Front Error allocations that reflect the unique forms associated with the active control aspects of the design.}, year = {2004}, doi = {10.1117/12.550091}, URL = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.550091}, eprint = {} } @inproceedings{Lindahl2011, author = {Lindahl, Kirk A. and Burmester, William and Malone, Kevin and Schrein, Ronald J. and Irwin, Ronda and Donley, Eric and Collins, Sandra R.}, title = "{Summary of the operational land imager focal plane array for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission}", booktitle={Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {8155}, pages = {81550Y-81550Y-14}, note = {10.1117/12.896005}, abstract = {The Landsat missions are the longest continuous record of changes in the Earth's surface as seen from space. The next follow-on activity is the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM). The LDCM objective is to extend the ability to detect and quantitatively characterize changes on the global land surface at a scale where natural and man-made causes of change can be detected and differentiated. The Operational Land Imager (OLI) is one of two instruments on the LDCM spacecraft. OLI will produce science data for the reflective bands, which include 6 visible and near-infrared (VNIR) and 3 short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands. The OLI instrument utilizes a pushbroom design with 15.5 degree field of view. As a result, the OLI Focal Plane Array (FPA) cross track dimension is large, and the FPA is a critical technology for the success of the mission. The FPA contains 14 critically aligned Focal Plane Modules (FPM) and consists of 6916 imaging pixels in each of the 8 multi-spectral bands, and 13,832 imaging pixels in the panchromatic band. Prior to integration into the FPA, the FPMs were characterized for radiometric, spectral, and spatial performance. The Flight FPA has been built and its performance has also been characterized. In this paper, the critical attributes of the FPMs and FPA are highlighted. Detailed description of the FPM and FPA test sets are provided. The performance results that demonstrate compliance to the science mission requirements are presented.}, year = {2011} } @article{Majumder1983, author = {Majumder, K. L. and Ramakrishnan, R. and Matieda, I. C. and Sharma, G. and Gopalan, A. K. S. and Kamat, D. S.}, title = "{Selection of spectral bands for Indian remote sensing satellite (IRS)}", journal = {Advances in Space Research}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {283-286}, abstract = {Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) plans to launch a Remote Sensing Satellite around 1985 for acquiring resources information in the visible and near infrared region. For this a number of projects under Joint Experiments Program (JEP) were taken up between ISRO and various departments under Government of India to define the mission parameters including the spectral bands. This paper presents the results obtained in the selection of spectral bands and their widths for IRS program.}, year = {1983} } @inproceedings{Markham2008, author = {Markham, Brian L and Dabney, Philip W and Storey, James C and Morfitt, Ron and Knight, Edward J and Kvaran, Geir and Lee, Kenton}, title = "{Landsat Data Continuity Mission Calibration and Validation}", booktitle = {Proceedings of the PECORA 17 Conference}, year = {2008} } @inproceedings{McKee2007, author = {McKee, Greg and Pal, Samir and Seth, Harish and Bhardwaj, Arun and Sahoo, Hari Sankar}, title = "{Design and characterization of a large area uniform radiance source for calibration of a remote sensing imaging system}", booktitle={Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {6677}, pages = {667706-667706-9}, note = {10.1117/12.732122}, abstract = {An application-specific contracted integrating sphere source of uniform spectral radiance is described. The source is used for pre-launch test and calibration of imaging radiometers which will be used as satellite borne earth remote sensors. The calibration source is primarily intended to serve as a transfer standard of radiance. Design criteria for the uniform radiance source are presented. Included is a summary of the end-user specifications in regards to spectral radiance, radiance levels of attenuation, radiance stability, and aperture uniformity. Radiometric theory used to predict the source radiance for a specific spectral flux input is reviewed. Reasoning for the use of an integrating sphere platform for this application and characteristic features of the source are discussed. Calibration methods and instrumentation are described. The resultant data presented include the modeled data compared with the measured performance. Methods of data reduction and uncertainty are addressed where applicable.}, year = {2007} } @article{Mehta2006, author = {Mehta, Sanjeev and Bera, Kuhelika and Patel, VD and Chowdhury, A Roy and Samudraiah, DRM}, title = "{Low Noise High Speed Camera Electronics for Cartosat-1 Imaging System}", journal = {Journal of Spacecraft Technology}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {35-46}, year = {2006} } @inproceedings{Meygret1996, author = {Meygret, Aime and Leger, Dominique}, title = "{In-flight refocusing of the SPOT1 HRV cameras}", booktitle={Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {2758}, pages = {298-307}, note = {10.1117/12.243225}, abstract = {A successful in-flight refocusing experiment based on image processing is described. Each of the two SPOT1 HRV cameras was refocused with respect to the other by analyzing the image spectrum taken simultaneously by both cameras. The experiment was carried out during the autumn of 1994 and its results are also presented: (1) the estimated optimal position for the rear corrective lens of the camera, (2) MTF improvement and its relative quality in the field of view in terms of homogeneity and astigmatism, (3) the validation of a theoretical geometric defocusing model that gives the changes in MTF as a function of corrective lens position. We conclude with the high accuracy of our method (2%) and its sensitivity to the spectral content of the viewed landscapes.}, year = {1996} } @article{Midan1986, author = {Midan, JP}, title = "{The SPOT-HRV Instrument-An Overview of Design and Performance}", journal = {Earth-oriented Applications of Space Technology}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {163-172}, year = {1986} } @inproceedings{Moy1986, author = {Moy, J. P. and Chabbal, J. J. and Chaussat, S. and Veyrier, J. and Villard, M.}, title = "{Buttable Arrays Of 300 Multiplexed InGaAs Photodiodes For SWIR Imaging}", booktitle={Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {0686}, pages = {93-95}, note = {10.1117/12.936529}, abstract = {Earth imaging from satellite in the Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) band (1.55 - 1.70 µm) is of primary importance for agriculture monitoring. The french space agency (CNES) has decided to incorporate a SWIR band in the next generation of the SPOT family. The development of the SWIR hybrid focal plane has been carried on at THOMSON since 1984, on the basis of the visible bands specifications.}, year = {1986} } @misc{NASA2006, author = {NASA}, title = "{Earth’s Living Ocean: The Unseen World. An advanced plan for NASA’s Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Research}", month = {May 14, 2014}, URL = {http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/DOCS/OBB_Report_5.12.2008.pdf}, year = {2006} } @misc{KevinNg, author = {Kevin Ng.}, title = "{Technology review of charge-coupled device and cmos based electronic imagers}", url = {http://educypedia.karadimov.info/library/ng_CCD.pdf}, year = {accessed on April 24, 2014} } @misc{NRSA2003, author = {NRSA}, title = "{IRS-P6 Data User’s Handbook}", year = {2003} } @misc{NRSC2011, author = {NRSC}, title = "{Resourcesat-2 Data Users’ Handbook}", year = {2011} } @article{Oberheuser1975, author = {Oberheuser, Joseph H.}, title = "{Optical Concept Generation for the Synchronous Earth Observatory Satellite}", journal = {Optical Engineering}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {144295-144295-}, note = {10.1117/12.7971836}, abstract = {A series of optical systems is considered for the Synchronous Earth Observatory Satellite (SEOS) and classified by field coverage. As field angle increases, so does utility, but the penalty is increased complexity, size, and weight. All-reflective optical configurations are required by the wide spectral range requiremnt and the 1.5-meter diameter equivalent area aperture size. A series of telescope designs has been developed to confirm design viability, to eliminate physical/ mechanical interference, and to generate preliminary envelope and packaging data. The optical designs were carried to the modulation transfer function (MTF) level. The range of field angles investigated varied from a few arc-minutes square to more than 7 degrees x 3 degrees. The configurations and comparisons of utility, performance, size, and weight are discussed, and impacts on the mission and subsystems are considered.}, year = {1975} } @article{Pandya2012, author = {Pandya, M. R. and Murali, K. R. and Kirankumar, A. S.}, title = "{Quantification and comparison of spectral characteristics of sensors on board Resourcesat-1 and Resourcesat-2 satellites}", journal = {Remote Sensing Letters}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {306-314}, abstract = {This letter presents quantification and comparison of spectral characteristics of three similar sensors, namely Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor (LISS)-III, LISS-IV and Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) on board Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites Resourcesat-1 (RS1) and Resourcesat-2 (RS2). Theoretical estimates of three critical spectral characteristics, effective bandwidth (??), central wavelength (?c) and bandpass solar exoatmospheric irradiance (E 0), have been computed based on the laboratory measurements of the relative spectral response (RSR) for each spectral band. A comparative analysis between two estimates computed through the moment method and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) method showed noticeable differences of the order of 4.4?14.1 nm in ?? and ?c for the corresponding band of Resourcesat sensors. A coefficient of variation (CV) of the order of 0.1?1.3% was noticed in E 0 among various Resourcesat sensors, which could induce a difference of 0.26?3.27% in the estimation of top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance. The variations in spectral characteristics among the Resourcesat sensors should be taken into account when comparisons are made between measurements from sensors on board RS1 and RS2 satellites, for example, for long-term monitoring of the Earth's environment.}, year = {2012} } @inproceedings{Patel2012, author = {Patel, Vishnukumar D. and Bhati, Sunil and Paul, Sandip and Roy Chowdhury, A. and Parmar, R. M. and Nair, R. V. and Babu, P. N. and Lal, A. K. and Dave, R. K. and Samudraiah, D. R. M. and Kiran Kumar, A. S. and Gil, Mathieu}, title = "{3D packaged camera head for space use}", booktitle = {Physics and Technology of Sensors (ISPTS), 2012 1st International Symposium on}, pages = {63-66}, abstract = {Miniaturization is an essential requirement for development of space-borne electronics hardware. Recently, advancements in the device and packaging technology such as Analog Front End (AFE), FPGA and ASIC has enabled on-board designers to develop space worthy, high reliability miniaturized hardware meeting the functional and performance requirements. HMC, SIP, 3D packaging technology etc. can further miniaturize the hardware by embedding dice, devices, active and passive components. 3D packaging technology, which is ESA qualified, allows us to integrate packaged devices and printed circuit boards (PCB) with high reliability vertical interconnections. It is possible to migrate from existing PCB designs along with the same bill of material to 3D packaging technology. A development of miniaturized camera module consisting of 4K elements linear detector, detector drive electronics, analog video processing and digitizing electronics, timing and control logic along with serial data output has been carried out for space use using 3D packaging. Brief details of this camera hardware, development steps and realization challenges along with test results are given in this paper.}, keywords = {3D camera module AFE CCD LVDS MLG SNR}, year = {2012} } @inproceedings{Paul2006, author = {Paul, Sandip and Dave, Himanshu and Dewan, Chirag and Kumar, Pradeep and Sansowa, Satwinder Singh and Dave, Amit and Sharma, B. N. and Verma, Anurag}, title = "{LISS-4 camera for Resourcesat}", booktitle={Proceedings of SPIE}, volume = {6405}, pages = {640510-640510-8}, note = {10.1117/12.693964}, abstract = {The Indian Remote Sensing Satellites use indigenously developed high resolution cameras for generating data related to vegetation, landform /geomorphic and geological boundaries. This data from this camera is used for working out maps at 1:12500 scale for national level policy development for town planning, vegetation etc. The LISS-4 Camera was launched onboard Resourcesat-1 satellite by ISRO in 2003. LISS-4 is a high-resolution multi-spectral camera with three spectral bands and having a resolution of 5.8m and swath of 23Km from 817 Km altitude. The panchromatic mode provides a swath of 70Km and 5-day revisit. This paper briefly discusses the configuration of LISS-4 Camera of Resourcesat-1, its onboard performance and also the changes in the Camera being developed for Resourcesat-2. LISS-4 camera images the earth in push-broom mode. It is designed around a three mirror un-obscured telescope, three linear 12-K CCDs and associated electronics for each band. Three spectral bands are realized by splitting the focal plane in along track direction using an isosceles prism. High-speed Camera Electronics is designed for each detector with 12- bit digitization and digital double sampling of video. Seven bit data selected from 10 MSBs data by Telecommand is transmitted. The total dynamic range of the sensor covers up to 100% albedo. The camera structure has heritage of IRS- 1C/D. The optical elements are precisely glued to specially designed flexure mounts. The camera is assembled onto a rotating deck on spacecraft to facilitate ± 26° steering in Pitch-Yaw plane. The camera is held on spacecraft in a stowed condition before deployment. The excellent imageries from LISS-4 Camera onboard Resourcesat-1 are routinely used worldwide. Such second Camera is being developed for Resourcesat-2 launch in 2007 with similar performance. The Camera electronics is optimized and miniaturized. The size and weight are reduced to one third and the power to half of the values in Resourcesat-1.}, year = {2006} } @inproceedings{Puschell2008, author = {Puschell, Jeffery J. and Cook, Lacy and Shaham, Yifal J. and Makowski, Maciej D. and Silny, John F.}, title = "{System engineering studies for advanced geosynchronous remote sensors: some initial thoughts on the 4th generation}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE}, volume = {7087}, number = {}, pages = {70870G-70870G-18}, abstract = {Future operational geosynchronous remote sensors will respond to a broad range of environmental and military/intelligence mission needs. This paper describes initial system engineering design studies for 4th generation operational geosynchronous remote sensors that address notional future mission requirements. Two hyperspectral sensor architectures were considered: an imaging Fourier transform spectrometer and an imaging prism spectrometer. While both imaging FTS and dispersive approaches are viable over a broad trade space, each requires new technology that must be demonstrated low risk by 2017 to enable a mission pathfinder by 2025. To reach this important objective requires that technology risk reduction start now.}, year = {2008}, doi = {10.1117/12.800778}, URL = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.800778}, eprint = {} } @article{Ranganath2012, author = {Ranganath, R. and Navalgund, R. and Singh Raghavendra, P. }, title = "{The Evolution of the Earth Observation System in India}", journal = {Journal of the Indian Institute of Science}, volume = {90}, number = {4}, pages = {471-488}, abstract = {The Indian Earth Observations Programme has been applications- driven and national development has been its prime motivation. From the experimental satellite Bhaskara-I launched in 1979 to the recent Cartosat-2B launched in July 2010, India’s Earth Observations capability has increased manifold. The Enhancement in observation capabilities are not only in spatial, spectral, temporal and radiometric resolutions, but also in their coverage and value-added products. The sensors built over this period provide observations over land, atmosphere and oceans in visible, infrared, thermal and microwave regions of the electro magnetic spectrum. Earth Observation data has been extensively used in inventories, monitoring and conservation plans of various natural resources of the country for societal benefits. An institutional mechanism for the absorption of technology at different levels of governance in the country has been built through the concept of the National Natural Resources Management System. The Establishment of various centres/institutions in different states, central agencies as well as academic and research institutions has helped capacity building in the area of remote sensing technology and applications programmes. The paper reviews the evolution of the Earth Observation System in the country in the last three decades and briefly discusses future directions.}, year = {2012} } @InProceedings{Rao2006, author = {Venkata Rao, M. and Gupta, J. P. and Rattan, Ram and Thyagarajan, K.}, title = "{RESOURCESAT-2: a mission for Earth resources management}", booktitle = {Proc. SPIE}, volume = {6407}, number = {}, pages = {64070L-64070L-8}, abstract = {The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has established an operational Remote sensing satellite system by launching its first satellite, IRS-1A in 1988, followed by a series of IRS spacecraft. The IRS-1C/1D satellites with their unique combination of Payloads have taken a lead position in the Global remote sensing scenario. Realising the growing User demands for the "Multi" level approach in terms of Spatial, Spectral, Temporal and Radiometric resolutions, ISRO identified the Resourcesat as a continuity as well as improved RS Satellite. The Resourcesat-1 (IRS-P6) was launched in October 2003 using PSLV launch vehicle and it is in operational service. Resourcesat-2 is its follow-on Mission scheduled for launch in 2008. Each Resourcesat satellite carries three Electro-optical cameras as its payload - LISS-3, LISS-4 and AWIFS. All the three are multi-spectral push-broom scanners with linear array CCDs as Detectors. LISS-3 and AWIFS operate in four identical spectral bands in the VIS-NIR-SWIR range while LISS-4 is a high resolution camera with three spectral bands in VIS-NIR range. In order to meet the stringent requirements of band-to-band registration and platform stability, several improvements have been incorporated in the mainframe Bus configuration like wide field Star trackers, precision Gyroscopes, on-board GPS receiver etc,. The Resourcesat data finds its application in several areas like agricultural crop discrimination and monitoring, crop acreage/yield estimation, precision farming, water resources, forest mapping, Rural infrastructure development, disaster management etc,. to name a few. A brief description of the Payload cameras, spacecraft bus elements and operational modes and few applications are presented.}, year = {2006}, doi = {10.1117/12.697973}, URL = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.697973}, eprint = {} } @misc{Reuter2009, author = {Reuter, D.}, title = "{Thermal Infrared Sensor: TIRS: Design and Status. Landsat Science Team Meeting}", url = {http://landsat.usgs.gov/documents/7_Reuter_TIRS_Status.pdf}, year = {accessed on May 14, 2014} } @inproceedings{Schull2008, author = {Schull, Ulrich and Knigge, Thiemo}, title = "{Geo-Oculus: A Mission for Real-Time Monitoring through High Resolution Imaging from Geostationary Orbit}", booktitle = {EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite Conference, Darmstadt}, year = {2008} } @article{SPOTImage2002, author = {SPOTImage}, title = "{SPOT Satellite Geometry Handbook}", journal = {S-NT-73-12-SI, Edition}, volume = {1}, year = {2002} } @article{Tamilarasan1983, author = {Tamilarasan, V. and Sharma, S. K. and Nagabhushana, S. R.}, title = "{Optimum spectral bands for land cover discrimination}", journal = {Advances in Space Research}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {287-290}, abstract = {An experiment was undertaken to select the optimum spectral bands for the discrimination of land use/cover for proposed Indian Remote Sensing Satellite. A feature selection method was used for the discrimination analysis on the multiband data collected by Bendix 11-channel Modular Multiband Scanner over Tirupati test site of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, South India. Of the various combinations of bands analysed, the optimum combination of four bands was defined as that one which provided the greatest divergence distances to discriminate the specific land covers in the test sites. On the basis of the above studies the optimum bands so chosen are 0.49–0.54 μm, 0.62–0.66 μm, 0.66–0.70 μm and 0.77–0.86 μm.}, year = {1983} } @misc{TI1997, author = {Texas Instruments}, title = "{CMOS Power Consumption and CPD Calculation}", url = {http://www.ti.com/lit/an/scaa035b/scaa035b.pdf}, year = {accessed on May 14, 2014} } @inproceedings{Thome2011, author = {Thome, K. and Reuter, D. and Lunsford, A. and Montanaro, M. and Smith, R. and Tesfaye, Z. and Wenny, B.}, title = "{Calibration of the Thermal Infrared Sensor on the Landsat Data Continuity Mission}", booktitle = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), IEEE International}, pages = {985-988}, abstract = {The Landsat series of satellites provides the longest running continuous data set of moderate-spatial-resolution imagery beginning with the launch of Landsat 1 in 1972 and continuing with the 1999 launch of Landsat 7 and current operation of Landsats 5 and 7[1]. The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) will continue this program into a fourth decade providing data that are keys to understanding changes in land-use changes and resource management. LDCM consists of a two-sensor platform comprised of the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensors (TIRS). A description of the applications and design of the TIRS instrument is given as well as the plans for calibration and characterization. Included are early results from preflight calibration and a description of the inflight validation.}, keywords = {calibration image resolution image sensors infrared detectors temperature sensors LDCM Landsat data continuity mission OLI TIRS moderate-spatial-resolution imagery operational land imager resource management thermal infrared sensor calibration Earth Instruments Radiometry Remote sensing Satellites Testing Radiometric calibration}, year = {2011} } @book{Weaver2013, author = {W.L., Weaver}, title = "{A Decade of Innovation}", publisher = {Booktango}, year = {2013} } @article{Weimer1967, author = {Weimer, Paul K. and Sadasiv, G. and Meyer, J. E. Jr. and Meray-Horvath, L. and Pike, W. S.}, title = {A self-scanned solid-state image sensor}, journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE}, volume = {55}, number = {9}, pages = {1591-1602}, abstract = {An experimental television camera incorporating a completely integrated self-scanned solid-state image sensor has been built. The integrated sensor includes a photosensitive array having 32 400 picture elements, two 180-stage shift register scan generators and associated video coupling transistors. This large-scale integration of more than 100 000 components was carried out in the laboratory entirely by evaporated thin-film techniques. Each element of the photosensitive array comprises one or two photoconductors of CdS or CdS-CASe mixture, each in series with a diode. The 180-stage scan generators utilize 540 CdSe TWF's deposited upon a glass snbstrate. Center-to-center spacing of elements in the array and in the scan generators is 2 mils. The array is scanned at conventional television scan rates permitting the picture to be displayed upon a commercial television receiver. The camera is connected to the receiver either through a cable or through a UHF link with camera and transmitter powered by a self-contained battery. Camera circuits other than the integrated sensor employ conventional transistors and integrated components. Progress toward the development of an improved sensor having more picture elements is outlined.}, keywords = {Cameras Image sensors Laboratories Large scale integration Photoconductivity Sensor arrays Shift registers Solid state circuits TV Transistors}, year = {1967} } @article{Westin1993, author = {Westin, Torbjörn}, title = "{Interior orientation of SPOT imagery}", journal = {INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING}, volume = {29}, pages = {193-193}, year = {1993} } @article{Wey1990, author = {Wey, H. and Guggenbuhl, W.}, title = "{An improved correlated double sampling circuit for low noise charge coupled devices}", journal = {Circuits and Systems, IEEE Transactions on}, volume = {37}, number = {12}, pages = {1559-1565}, abstract = {Correlated double sampling (CDS) is discussed as a signal processing method to reduce low-frequency amplifier noise and kTC noise of sampled systems. The different noise contributions in a typical CCD output stage and their transformation through a CDS circuit are discussed. An improved CDS method (CDS2) is presented that completely eliminates the pixel crosstalk and kTC-noise contribution, but maintains a low noise bandwidth. The noise reduction achieved with the method lies in the range of 3-8 dB, with the lower limit valid for white noise and the upper limit for pixel crosstalk and kTC noise. The improved CDS circuit approaches optimum filtering of the combined noise spectrum. From the hardware point of view only one additional switch is required. Measured values with an experimental CCD output stage and CDS setup are shown to confirm the theory}, keywords = {CCD image sensors correlation methods crosstalk interference suppression picture processing random noise signal processing equipment CCD output stage LF noise reduction charge coupled devices combined noise spectrum correlated double sampling circuit kTC noise low noise low-frequency amplifier noise optimum filtering pixel crosstalk elimination sampled systems signal processing method white noise Circuit noise Low-frequency noise Low-noise amplifiers Noise reduction Sampling methods Signal processing Signal sampling Switches}, year = {1990} } @article{Young1975, author = {Young, Philip J.}, title = "{Scanning System Tradeoffs for Remote Optical Sensing from Geosynchronous Orbit}", journal = {Optical Engineering}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {144289-144289-}, note = {10.1117/12.7971835}, abstract = {The scanning and telescope field of view requirements for making Earth Resources (ER) and Meteorological (MET) phe-nomena observations from a Synchronous Earth Observation Satellite (SEOS) have been defined. The equations relating spacecraft scan capability to user scan field of view requirements are given and evaluated using four different telescope fields of view. The tradeoffs between telescope field-of-view and user scan fields of view requirements are shown, and it was determined that a 0.6 degree by 1.2 degree telescope FOV is optimum for the SEOS telescope. It was shown that an internal scan as well as external scan is required to satisfy both ER and MET users.}, year = {1975} } @InProceedings{Herve1995, author = {Herve, D. and Coste, G. and Corlay, G. and et al}, title = "{SPOT 4’s HRVIR and vegetation SWIR cameras}", booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE}, pages = {833–842}, year = {1995}, volume = {2552}, } @article{Iyengar1999, title="{Meteorological imaging instruments on-board IN SAT-2E}", author={Iyengar, VS and Nagram, CM and Dave, RK and Aradhye, BV and Nagchenchaiah, K and Kumar, AS Kiran}, journal={Current Science}, volume={76}, number={11}, year={1999} } @article{Gamal2005, author={El Gamal, A. and Eltoukhy, H.}, journal={Circuits and Devices Magazine, IEEE}, title="{CMOS Image Sensors}", year={2005}, volume={21}, number={3}, pages={6-20}, abstract={In this article, we provide a basic introduction to CMOS image-sensor technology, design and performance limits and present recent developments and future directions in this area. We also discuss image-sensor operation and describe the most popular CMOS image-sensor architectures. We note the main non-idealities that limit CMOS image sensor performance, and specify several key performance measures. One of the most important advantages of CMOS image sensors over CCDs is the ability to integrate sensing with analog and digital processing down to the pixel level. Finally, we focus on recent developments and future research directions that are enabled by pixel-level processing, the applications of which promise to further improve CMOS image sensor performance and broaden their applicability beyond current markets.}, keywords={CMOS image sensors;technological forecasting;CCDs;CMOS image sensors;analog processing;digital processing;image-sensor operation;performance measures;pixel-level processing;CMOS image sensors;CMOS technology;Circuits;Color;Image converters;Image sensors;Optical arrays;Optical imaging;Pixel;Sensor arrays}, doi={10.1109/MCD.2005.1438751}, ISSN={8755-3996}, month={May}, }